The State Council on printing and distributing the national

Notice of the Outline of Ecological Environment Protection

Guo Fa [2000] No.38　　

People’s governments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, ministries and commissions and institutions directly under the State Council:

The "National Outline of Ecological Environmental Protection" formulated by the State Environmental Protection Administration in conjunction with relevant departments is hereby printed and distributed to you. Please conscientiously implement it in light of the actual situation of this region and this department.

All regions and relevant departments should, according to the National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection, formulate their own ecological environment protection plans, actively take measures to intensify ecological environment protection, reverse the deterioration trend of the ecological environment, and work hard to achieve the grand goal of beautiful mountains and rivers in the motherland.

State Council　　　　　　　　　　　　

November 26th, 2000　　　

National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection

Ecological environmental protection is a great cause and grand project that contributes to the present and benefits future generations. Persistently doing a good job in ecological environment protection is the need to ensure the healthy development of economy and society and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In order to fully implement the sustainable development strategy, implement the basic national policy of environmental protection, consolidate the achievements of ecological construction, and strive to achieve the grand goal of beautiful mountains and rivers in the motherland, this outline is specially formulated.

First, the current national ecological environment protection situation

(1) Achievements and existing problems in the current ecological environment protection work.

1. The national ecological environment protection has made certain achievements. Since the reform and opening up, the Party and the government have attached great importance to environmental protection, adopted a series of major measures to protect and improve the ecological environment, and intensified the construction of the ecological environment, which has effectively protected and improved the ecological environment in some areas of China. Mainly manifested in: afforestation, soil and water conservation, grassland construction and land improvement and other key ecological projects have made progress; The key prevention and control projects of soil and water conservation in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were fully implemented; The protection of natural forest resources in key areas and the project of returning farmland to forests and grasslands have started; A number of different types of nature reserves, scenic spots and forest parks have been established; The pilot demonstration of ecological agriculture and the construction of ecological demonstration areas have developed steadily; The legal system for environmental protection has been gradually improved.

2. The national ecological environment is still facing a grim situation. At present, the trend of ecological environment deterioration in some areas has not been effectively curbed, and the scope of ecological environment damage is expanding, the degree is increasing and the harm is increasing. The outstanding performance is as follows: the deterioration of the ecological environment at the source of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and other major rivers is accelerating, and the important lakes and wetlands along the river are shrinking day by day, especially in the northern region, where rivers are cut off, lakes are dried up, and the groundwater level is seriously reduced, which has aggravated the harm of floods, vegetation degradation and land desertification; Over-grazing, over-reclamation and firewood harvesting in grassland areas, and deforestation in forested areas and forested areas have led to the destruction of forest and grass vegetation, the decline of ecological functions and the intensification of soil erosion; The indiscriminate exploitation and excavation of mineral resources, especially the improper development along the river, coast and slope, lead to frequent geological disasters such as collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground collapse, settlement and seawater intrusion; The area of wild animal and plant species-rich areas in China has been decreasing, the habitat environment of rare wild animals and plants has deteriorated, the number of precious medicinal wild plants has dropped sharply, and the total amount of biological resources has decreased; Coastal waters are seriously polluted, marine fishery resources are declining, coral reefs and mangroves are destroyed, and coastal erosion is prominent. The continued deterioration of the ecological environment will seriously affect the sustainable development of China’s economy and society and the national ecological environment security.

(B) the current reasons for the deterioration of the ecological environment.

3. Unreasonable development and utilization of resources is the main reason for the deterioration of ecological environment. In some areas, the awareness of environmental protection is not strong, and development is emphasized over protection, construction over maintenance, and resources are exploited in a predatory and extensive way, which exceeds the carrying capacity of the ecological environment. Some departments and units have weak supervision, lax law enforcement and poor management, which has led to many phenomena of ecological environment destruction, which has aggravated the degradation of the ecological environment. At the same time, the lack of investment in ecological environment protection and construction for a long time is also an important reason for the deterioration of the ecological environment. It is a long-term and arduous task for us to effectively solve the contradictions and problems of ecological environment protection.

II. Guiding ideology, basic principles and objectives of national ecological environmental protection

(a) the guiding ideology and basic principles of national ecological environmental protection.

4. The guiding ideology of national ecological environmental protection. Hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, focus on implementing the strategy of sustainable development and promoting the transformation of economic growth mode, aim at improving the quality of ecological environment and safeguarding the national ecological environment security, closely focus on key areas and key ecological environment issues, make unified planning, give classified guidance, promote by regions, strengthen the rule of law, strictly supervise, resolutely crack down on man-made destruction of ecological environment, mobilize and organize the whole society, protect and improve the ability of natural recovery, consolidate the achievements of ecological construction, and strive to curb the trend of ecological environment deterioration, in order to achieve

5. Basic principles of national ecological environment protection. Adhere to both ecological environment protection and ecological environment construction. While strengthening the construction of ecological environment, we must adhere to the principle of giving priority to protection, giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with control, and completely reverse the passive situation of destruction while building in some areas.

Pay equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological environment protection. We should give full consideration to the mutual influence and function of regional and river basin environmental pollution and ecological environment destruction, adhere to the unified planning of pollution prevention and ecological environment protection, implement them simultaneously, organically combine urban and rural pollution prevention and ecological environment protection, and strive to realize the integration of urban and rural environmental protection.

Adhere to overall planning, comprehensive decision-making and rational development. Correctly handle the relationship between resource development and environmental protection, and insist on developing in protection and protecting in development. Economic development must follow the laws of nature, unify the short-term and long-term, and give consideration to the local and overall situation. The carrying capacity of ecological environment must be fully considered in resource development activities, and immediate and local economic benefits must never be exchanged at the expense of ecological environment.

Adhere to the system of who develops and protects, who destroys and restores, and who uses and pays. It is necessary to clarify the rights, responsibilities and benefits of ecological environment protection and make full use of legal, economic, administrative and technical means to protect the ecological environment.

(2) The goal of national ecological environment protection.

6. The goal of national ecological environmental protection is to curb the destruction of ecological environment and reduce the harm of natural disasters through ecological environmental protection; Promote the rational and scientific utilization of natural resources and realize a virtuous circle of natural ecosystems; Maintain the national ecological environment security and ensure the sustainable development of the national economy and society.

Short-term goals. By 2010, the trend of ecological environment destruction will be basically curbed. Build a number of ecological function protection zones, and strive to protect and restore the ecosystems and ecological functions of the source areas of major rivers such as the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, important lakes and wetlands in the Yangtze River and Songhua River basins, southwest and northwest regions, important oases in the northwest, key prevention and protection areas for soil and water conservation and key supervision areas; While doing a good job in the construction and management of existing nature reserves, we should pay close attention to the construction of a number of new nature reserves, so that all kinds of good natural ecosystems and important species can be effectively protected; Establish and improve the ecological environment protection supervision system, so that the ecological environment protection measures can be effectively implemented, all kinds of development activities in key resource development zones are carried out in strict accordance with the plan, and the recovery rate of ecological environment damage has been greatly improved; Strengthen the construction of ecological demonstration areas and eco-agricultural counties, and some counties (cities, districts) in China will basically realize a virtuous circle of beautiful mountains and rivers and natural ecosystems.

Long-term goals. By 2030, comprehensively curb the deterioration of the ecological environment, effectively protect the ecological environment of important ecological function areas, species-rich areas and key resource development zones, and improve the ecological environment of the source areas of the first-class tributaries of major water systems and the national key protected wetlands; Some important ecosystems have been rebuilt and restored; 50% of counties (cities, districts) in China have achieved a virtuous circle of beautiful mountains and rivers and natural ecosystems, and more than 30% of cities have reached the standards of eco-city and garden city. By 2050, we will strive to improve the national ecological environment in an all-round way, achieve a clean urban and rural environment and a virtuous circle of natural ecosystems, and achieve the grand goal of beautiful mountains and rivers in most parts of the country.

Three, the main contents and requirements of the national ecological environment protection

(a) the ecological environment protection of important ecological function areas.

7. Establish ecological function protection zones. Important ecological functional areas, such as river source areas, important water conservation areas, key prevention and protection areas and key supervision areas for soil and water conservation, river flood storage areas, windbreak and sand fixation areas and important fishery waters, play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of river basins and regions, alleviating natural disasters and ensuring the national and regional ecological environment security. The existing vegetation and natural ecosystems in these areas should be strictly protected, and the ecological function protection zones should be established and protective measures should be implemented to prevent the destruction of the ecological environment and the degradation of ecological functions. Important ecological function areas across provinces, key river basins and key regions, and establish national ecological function protection zones; Cross-regional (city) and county (city) important ecological function zones, and establish provincial and prefecture (city) level ecological function protection zones.

8. Take the following protective measures for ecological function protection areas: stop all development activities and other man-made sabotage activities that lead to the continued degradation of ecological functions; Stop all construction projects that cause serious environmental pollution; Strictly control the population growth, and necessary immigration measures should be taken if the population in the area has exceeded the carrying capacity; Change the extensive mode of production and management, take the road of eco-economic development, and combine the ecological environment construction measures to seriously organize reconstruction and restoration of the damaged important ecosystems, so as to curb the deterioration trend of the ecological environment as soon as possible.

9. The establishment of various ecological function protection zones shall be reviewed by the environmental protection departments at all levels in conjunction with relevant departments and submitted to the government at the same level for approval. The management of ecological function protected areas is mainly based on local governments, and national ecological function protected areas can be managed by institutions appointed by provincial governments. Among them, after the cross-provincial areas are approved by the national unified planning, they are managed by provinces according to their territories; Governments at all levels should give active support to the construction of ecological function protection zones; Agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, environmental protection, land and resources and other relevant departments should strengthen supervision over the management, protection and construction of ecological function protected areas in accordance with their respective responsibilities.

(2) Protection of the ecological environment in the development of key resources.

10. Effectively strengthen the environmental management of important natural resources such as water, land, forests, grasslands, oceans and minerals, and strictly protect the ecological environment in the development and utilization of resources. The development of all kinds of natural resources must abide by relevant laws and regulations, and fulfill the procedures of ecological environment impact assessment according to law; The key construction projects of resource development shall be compiled with water and soil conservation plans, otherwise construction shall not be started.

11. Ecological environment protection of water resources development and utilization. The development and utilization of water resources should be balanced in the whole basin, with a comprehensive balance between production, living and ecological water use, with equal emphasis on open source and throttling, priority on throttling, pollution control as the foundation, scientific open source and comprehensive utilization. Establish a control system for high-water consumption projects in water-deficient areas, gradually adjust high-water consumption industries in water-deficient areas, stop new high-water consumption projects, and ensure ecological water use in the basin. In river basins and areas where rivers are cut off, lakes are shrinking and groundwater is overexploited, new water storage, water diversion and irrigation projects that aggravate the imbalance of water balance should be stopped; Reasonable control of groundwater exploitation to achieve a balance between mining and compensation; In areas where groundwater is seriously over-exploited, delimit the forbidden mining area of groundwater, and pay close attention to cleaning up unreasonable pumping facilities to prevent large-scale underground funnels and surface collapse. Continue to strengthen the control of sulfur dioxide and acid rain, and rationally develop, utilize and protect atmospheric water resources; For lakes and rivers that are reclaimed without authorization, it is necessary to return farmland to lakes and water within a time limit. Through scientific monitoring and evaluation and functional zoning, standardize the sewage discharge permit system and the sewage outlet management system. It is strictly forbidden to dump garbage and construction and industrial wastes into water bodies, further intensify the control of water pollution, especially in key rivers and lakes, and speed up the construction of urban sewage treatment facilities and centralized garbage treatment facilities. Strengthen the control of agricultural non-point source pollution, encourage the recycling of livestock manure, ensure the discharge of aquaculture wastewater up to standard, and strictly control the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in areas where nitrogen and phosphorus seriously exceed the standard.

12. Ecological environment protection of land resources development and utilization. According to the overall land use planning, implement the land use control system, clarify the responsibility of land contractors for ecological environment protection, strengthen the protection of ecological land, and freeze the requisition of grassland, woodland and wetland with important ecological functions. If the construction project really needs to occupy ecological land, it should be submitted for approval and compensated in strict accordance with the law, and the system of "one for one" should be implemented to ensure that the restoration area is not less than the occupied area. Strengthen the supervision of ecological environment protection for major infrastructure construction such as transportation, energy and water conservancy, scientifically select construction routes and construction sites, minimize the occupation of forest land, grassland and cultivated land, and prevent soil erosion and land desertification. Strengthen the ecological supervision of the development and utilization of non-pasture grassland. Farmland on steep slopes in the upper and middle reaches of major rivers should be returned to forests and grasslands in a planned and step-by-step manner in accordance with relevant plans, and the management of farmland should be strengthened to prevent re-cultivation.

13. Ecological environment protection for the development and utilization of forest and grassland resources. Forest areas and grasslands with important ecological functions should be classified as prohibited reclamation areas, logging areas or grazing areas, and strictly managed; Those that have been developed and utilized should return farmland to pasture, cultivate forests and grass, and make them recuperate. Implement natural forest protection projects to protect and give full play to the ecological benefits of forests to the maximum extent; It is necessary to effectively protect all kinds of ecological public welfare forests such as water conservation forests, soil and water conservation forests, windbreak and sand fixation forests, and special-purpose forests; For the cultivated land and abandoned land reclaimed by deforestation and grass destruction, it is necessary to return farmland to forest and grass within a time limit in accordance with the principle of "whoever approves it will be responsible and whoever destroys it will be restored". Strengthen forest and grassland fire prevention and control of pests and rodents, and strive to reduce the disastrous loss of forest and grass resources; Increase the intensity of closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and grass cultivation in burned and deforested areas, and accelerate the restoration of ecological environment and the improvement of ecological functions in forest areas and grasslands. Vigorously develop renewable energy technologies such as wind energy, solar energy and biomass energy, and reduce the damage to forest and grass vegetation caused by firewood harvesting.

To develop animal husbandry, we should insist on fixing livestock by grass and prevent overloading and overgrazing. Seriously overloaded and overgrazing, the carrying capacity should be approved, and the number of livestock should be reduced within a time limit. Take the policy of combining protection and utilization, strictly implement the grazing ban period, grazing ban area and rotational grazing system, actively develop straw feed, gradually implement the method of feeding in captivity, and accelerate the restoration of degraded grassland. In arid and semi-arid areas, it is necessary to adjust the proportion of grain and livestock production according to local conditions and vigorously implement the project of planting grass to raise livestock and enrich the people. Agricultural development in the farming-pastoral ecotone shall not cause new grassland damage; The development of oasis agriculture shall not destroy natural vegetation. For the cultivated grassland in pastoral areas, we should return farmland to grassland and restore vegetation within a time limit.

14. Ecological environment protection for the development and utilization of biological species resources. The exploitation of biological species resources should be carried out on the premise of protecting species diversity and ensuring biological safety. All forms of killing and collecting endangered wild animals and plants are prohibited according to law. Severely crack down on the illegal trade in endangered wildlife. Strictly restrict the killing, collection and sale of beneficial insects, birds and animals. Encourage the domestication and breeding of wildlife. Strengthen the development and management of wildlife resources, gradually delimit quasi-mining areas, standardize mining and excavation methods, and prohibit indiscriminate mining and excavation; It is strictly forbidden to collect and sell Nostoc flagelliforme, ban all Nostoc flagelliforme trade, and resolutely stop the indiscriminate digging of various wild medicinal plants with important sand-fixing functions in arid and semi-arid grasslands. Do a good job in the protection of spawning grounds, feeding grounds, wintering grounds, migratory passages and important aquatic organisms and their habitats for important fish. Strengthen biosafety management and establish import and export management system and risk assessment system for living genetically modified organisms and their products; Risk assessment must be carried out for the introduction of alien species, and import quarantine work should be strengthened to prevent foreign harmful species from entering China.

15. Ecological environment protection for the development and utilization of marine and fishery resources. The development and utilization of marine and fishery resources must be carried out according to functional zoning, so as to achieve unified planning and rational development and utilization. We will earnestly strengthen the management of coastal zones, strictly examine and approve land reclamation for port construction, coastal projects and the construction of tourist facilities, and strictly protect mangroves, coral reefs and coastal shelterbelts. Strengthen the protection of important aquatic resources breeding areas such as key fishing grounds, river estuaries, bays and other fishery waters, and strictly supervise the ecological environment protection of fishery resources development. Strengthen the prevention and control of marine pollution, gradually establish a system for controlling the total amount of pollutants discharged into the sea, strengthen the environmental management of offshore oil and gas exploration and development, marine dumping, ship sewage discharge and ports, and gradually establish an emergency system for major pollution accidents at sea.

16. Ecological environment protection of mineral resources development and utilization. Mining in ecological function protection areas, nature reserves, scenic spots and forest parks is strictly prohibited. Quarrying, sand mining and earth borrowing are strictly prohibited in dangerous areas of landslides, areas prone to mudslides and areas that are prone to damage to natural landscapes. The development and utilization of mineral resources must be strictly planned and managed, and the construction period, area and mode that are conducive to ecological environment protection should be selected to minimize the damage to the ecological environment caused by development activities. The exploitation of mineral resources must prevent secondary geological disasters. In the exploitation of mineral resources along the river, along the river, along the lake, along the reservoir and in the coastal areas, we must implement measures to protect the ecological environment and try our best to avoid and reduce the damage to the ecological environment. If the damage has been caused, the developer must restore it within a time limit. Mines and pits that have stopped mining or closed must be reclaimed in time.

17. Ecological environment protection for the development and utilization of tourism resources. The development of tourism resources must make clear the objectives and requirements of environmental protection and ensure that the construction of tourism facilities is in harmony with the natural landscape. Scientifically determine the tourist capacity of tourist areas and rationally design tourist routes, so that the construction of tourism infrastructure can adapt to the carrying capacity of ecological environment. Strengthen the protection of natural landscapes and scenic spots, restrict the tourism development of important natural relics, strictly control the tourism development of key scenic spots, strictly control the construction scale and quantity of tourist facilities such as ropeways, and dismantle facilities that do not meet the planning requirements within a time limit. Sewage, smoke and domestic garbage in tourist areas must be discharged up to standard and disposed scientifically.

(3) Ecological environment protection in ecologically sound areas.

18. Areas with good ecology, especially species-rich areas, are key areas for ecological environment protection, and active protection measures should be taken to ensure that the ecosystems and ecological functions of these areas are not destroyed. In areas rich in species, representative of natural ecosystems, typical and unspoiled, a number of new nature reserves should be built quickly. The Hengduan Mountains, the plateau mountains bordering New Qinghai-Tibet, the mountainous areas bordering Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hubei, the mountainous areas bordering Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi, the Qinling-Bashan Mountains, Xishuangbanna in southern Yunnan, Hainan Island, Daxing ‘anling and Sanjiang Plain in northeast China should be listed as key areas, and nature reserves at all levels should be planned and constructed by stages. In the distribution areas of species and ecosystems with important protection value in the western region, especially in the distribution areas of important desert ecosystems and typical desert wildlife, a number of different types of nature reserves should be built.

19. Pay attention to the protection of urban ecological environment. In the process of urbanization, it is necessary to effectively protect all kinds of important ecological land. Large and medium-sized cities should ensure a certain proportion of public green space and ecological land, carry out in-depth garden city creation activities, strengthen the construction and protection of urban parks, green belts, forests and lawns, and vigorously promote the greening and beautification of courtyards, walls, roofs and bridges. It is strictly forbidden to open mountains and fill the sea and develop wetlands at will in urban areas and suburbs, and it is forbidden to fill and occupy streams, rivers, canals and ponds at will. We will continue to comprehensively improve the urban environment, further accelerate the adjustment of energy structure and the control of industrial pollution sources, earnestly strengthen the environmental management of urban construction projects and construction sites, and actively promote the creation of environmental protection model cities and towns with beautiful environments.

20. Strengthen the construction of ecological demonstration areas and ecological agricultural counties. The state encourages and supports ecologically sound areas and plays an exemplary role in implementing the strategy of sustainable development. Further accelerate the pace of county (city) ecological demonstration area and ecological agriculture county construction. In areas where conditions permit, efforts should be made to promote the construction of prefecture-level and provincial-level ecological demonstration zones.

Four, the national ecological environment protection countermeasures and measures

(1) Strengthen leadership and coordination and establish a comprehensive decision-making mechanism for ecological environmental protection.

21. Establish and improve the responsibility system for ecological environmental protection. It is necessary to implement the responsibility system that local governments at all levels are responsible for the quality of the ecological environment in their respective jurisdictions and all departments are responsible for the protection of the ecological environment in their own industries and systems. Clarify the ecological environmental protection responsibilities of resource development units and legal persons. Implement a strict assessment, reward and punishment system. Units and individuals that have strictly performed their duties and made significant contributions to the protection of the ecological environment shall be commended and rewarded. For dereliction of duty, dereliction of duty, causing damage to the ecological environment, should be investigated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Ecological environmental protection and construction planning should be incorporated into the long-term and annual plans of economic and social development at all levels to ensure the investment of governments at all levels in ecological environmental protection. Establish an audit system for ecological environment protection and construction to ensure the rationality of input and output and the unity of ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits.

22. Actively coordinate and cooperate to establish an effective supervision system for ecological environmental protection. All relevant departments in the State Council should carry out their duties, cooperate closely, and work together with Qi Xin to jointly promote the national ecological environment protection. Environmental protection departments should do a good job in comprehensive coordination and supervision, planning, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, land resources and construction departments should strengthen the planning and management of natural resources development, and do a good job in ecological environment protection and restoration. On the basis of the key protection and supervision areas of the ecological environment determined by the state, local governments at all levels should determine the key protection and supervision areas of the ecological environment in their respective jurisdictions according to local conditions, and form a supporting ecological environment protection and supervision system. Governments at all levels and relevant departments in the western region should give priority to the protection and construction of the ecological environment in the western region to ensure the smooth implementation of the national strategy of developing the western region.

23 to ensure the scientific and technological support ability of ecological environmental protection. Governments at all levels should incorporate scientific research on ecological environmental protection into their scientific and technological development plans, encourage scientific and technological innovation, and strengthen technological development and popularization in key areas of ecological environmental protection such as rural ecological environmental protection, biodiversity protection, ecological restoration and soil and water conservation. In the funds for ecological environmental protection, a certain proportion of funds should be used for scientific research and technology popularization of ecological environmental protection, so as to promote the transformation of scientific research results and improve the scientific and technological content and level of ecological environmental protection. Establish an early warning system and strengthen the prediction of the deterioration trend of the ecological environment.

24 to establish a comprehensive decision-making mechanism for economic and social development and ecological environmental protection. All localities should pay close attention to the preparation of ecological function zoning, guide the development of natural resources and the rational distribution of industries, and promote the coordinated and healthy development of economic, social and ecological environmental protection. When formulating major economic and technological policies, social development plans and economic development plans, we should fully consider the impact of ecological environment according to ecological function zoning. The development of natural resources, planting trees and grass, soil and water conservation, grassland construction and other major ecological environment construction projects must carry out environmental impact assessment. For projects that may cause damage and adverse effects to the ecological environment, measures for ecological environment protection and restoration must be designed, constructed, checked and accepted simultaneously with resource development and construction projects. Those that may cause serious damage to the ecological environment should be strictly reviewed and resolutely prohibited.

(two) to strengthen the legal system, improve the people’s awareness of ecological environmental protection.

25. Strengthen legislation and law enforcement, and bring ecological environment protection into the track of rule of law. Strictly implement laws and regulations on environmental protection and resource management, and severely crack down on criminal acts that damage the ecological environment. Pay close attention to the formulation and revision of laws and regulations on ecological environment protection and construction, formulate regulations on the management of ecological environment protection in ecological function protection areas, and improve and perfect local ecological environment protection regulations and supervision systems.

26. Conscientiously implement international conventions and conduct extensive international exchanges and cooperation. Conscientiously implement international conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Wetlands, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora, and the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, safeguard the rights and interests of national ecological environment protection, undertake international obligations commensurate with China’s development level, and make contributions to global ecological environment protection. Carry out extensive international exchanges and cooperation, actively introduce foreign capital, technology and management experience, and promote the all-round development of China’s ecological environment protection.

27. Strengthen publicity and education on ecological environmental protection, and constantly raise the awareness of ecological environmental protection of the whole people. In-depth education on environmental national conditions and national policies will be carried out, and training on ecological environmental protection will be carried out at different levels to improve the comprehensive decision-making ability of ecological environmental protection and economic and social development. Pay attention to the basic education and professional education of ecological environment protection, and actively do a good job in social public education. Urban zoos, botanical gardens and other parks should increase publicity facilities, organize special publicity and education activities, and popularize the knowledge of ecological environmental protection to the public. Further strengthen the supervision of news and public opinion, praise advanced models, expose illegal acts, improve the system of letters, visits, reports and hearings, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the broad masses of people and non-governmental organizations to participate in ecological environmental protection, and work hard to achieve the grand goal of the beautiful mountains and rivers of the motherland.

　　Amazing decision

　　"I was brought up by my grandmother, and now I should take care of her."

　　Refuse funding

　　"The pressure of the family can hold up for the time being and I don’t want to rely on others."

　　There was no class on the afternoon of 16th, and Liu Lin stayed with her grandmother all afternoon. Near the meal, she first warmed up the vegetable egg soup and fish-flavored shredded pork cooked at noon. She was a 1.5-meter-tall girl, and reached out and picked up her grandmother. Grandma’s hands naturally surrounded her granddaughter and sat down beside the bed. Liu Lin served the food to the old man, and the two of them sat quietly eating. "I am strong, and I am directly in the wheelchair when I go downstairs." Liu Lin said with a smile. "How can I live not to spoil! I will follow you. " Grandma, who is a little hard of hearing, asked her granddaughter if she was used to living, and some answered loudly.

　　In August this year, after his father died, Liu Lin, a sophomore in the School of Tourism and Economic Management of Chengdu University, made a bold decision to take her 93-year-old grandmother to school and take care of herself.

　　Family changes

　　She brought her 93-year-old grandmother to Chengdu.

　　In April this year, Liu Lin experienced the darkest blow in his life. His father died of illness, and his mother could not bear the great mental pressure and could not take care of the elderly. Earlier in March, a 93-year-old grandmother accidentally fell and fractured her leg.

　　"There is no way, no one in the family can take care of her." Liu Lin said that grandma had a hard life, and her three sons, including her father, had already passed away before her. Especially after her father’s death, the fragmented family could not take care of her elderly grandmother comprehensively, and Liu Lin was not at ease to leave the elderly who could not take care of themselves at home. At the beginning of August, Liu Lin made an amazing decision that she would take her grandmother to school and take care of her by herself.

　　I’m not just saying. On August 3rd, Liu Lin, his younger brother and cousin rented a car, loaded grandma’s wheelchair and quilt luggage and went straight to Chengdu to rent a single room.

　　A room, two beds, a wardrobe, a desk and a coffee table, this is Liu Lin’s "home" off campus with her grandmother. This single room rents 600 yuan every month. My younger brother who works in Chengdu will visit every month. Most of the salary of more than 2,000 yuan in January goes to grandma and sister for living.

　　Childhood memories

　　"When I was a child, I didn’t understand her."

　　"I was brought up by my grandmother, and now I should take care of her." Liu Lin said.

　　Liu Lin recalled that when he was a child, he and his younger brother went to school and walked home for more than 10 minutes at noon for dinner. However, his grandmother, who could not read or read clocks, was able to "magically" put the food on the table on time. At that time, her grandmother was over 80 years old. "When I was a child, I didn’t understand, but I had to contradict her." Liu Lin said with a smile, but his rebellious period is very short, probably because of family reasons, he was sensible early.

　　A "schoolmaster" who refused funding.

　　In addition to taking responsibility, there is also self-improvement

　　In the eyes of teacher Zhang Na, Liu Lin is a student with excellent academic performance. When she entered the school, she was selected to Zhang Lan College because of her excellent grades. Considering Liu Lin’s special family situation, she also applied for a work-study post for her — — Go to the college office to be on duty and help the teacher. "She will take the initiative to help clean up, and she will do a good job if the teacher is too busy." Although it takes a lot of energy to take care of grandma, and Liu Lin, who has just finished the general course in Zhang Lan University, still has a lot of professional courses to make up, Liu Lin has never dropped out of the course and is still preparing for the English Singer Competition of the school.

　　Knowing what happened to Liu Lins, someone offered to help her, but Liu Lin declined. "I always feel that I am getting something for nothing." Liu Lin said that his younger brother is earning money, and he can also work part-time, so he can support the pressure of his family temporarily and doesn’t want to rely on others.

　　Chengdu Business Daily reporter Yu Zunsu

　　The age gap is 73 years old. How can a little girl take care of the 90-year-old? Here in Liu Lin, you can find — —

　　N ways to "spoil" grandma

　　eat

　　The rice should be cooked soft.

　　It takes one and a half teeth to bite.

　　At 7: 30 in the morning, the alarm clock rang, which was at least half an hour earlier than when I lived in school. Liu Lin has to get up, cook grandma’s favorite dumplings for breakfast, wash her face and brush her teeth, and then fly to school. "Sometimes I still have to oversleep." Liu Lin embarrassedly touched his head. It is simply happiness to sleep more in the morning when there is no class.

　　After school at 12 noon, Liu Lin will come back to make lunch at once. I bought vegetables and meat in the vegetable market in the community. Liu Lin made the food soft and thin, which was convenient for grandma who had only one and a half teeth to swallow. Liu Lin said that grandma likes to eat cotton candy, ham sausage, and especially likes preserved eggs and lean porridge. With snacks, Liu Lin doesn’t have to worry about grandma being hungry.

　　ramble

　　Peers go shopping to buy clothes.

　　She pushed her grandmother to watch the square dance in a wheelchair.

　　Sometimes when the weather is fine, Liu Lin will use a wheelchair to push her grandmother to the square to watch others dance. Every time she is fascinated, her grandmother always says, "Watch for a while". Because of a broken leg, Liu Lin bought a special bed online in order to make grandma sleep more comfortably. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, Liu Lin had a hard time changing the bed to the outside near the bay window, so that grandma could see the lake outside and the light was better.

　　"Girls, I like to go shopping in buy buy to buy it!" Speaking of which, Liu Lin, who had always been very calm, was a little excited, but after taking her grandmother, Liu Lin rarely went shopping with her classmates, but she would invite her classmates to dinner at home.

　　accompany

　　Afraid that the old man will be bored at home alone

　　She bought a cat.

　　I went to school by myself. How can Grandma live alone at home? Liu Lin downloaded a lot of grandma’s favorite war movies on the computer. "It may just look a little hot, but she may not understand." In order to make the home more lively, Liu Lin bought a kitten and named it "Dangdang", but grandma always vaguely called it "Dandan" and named another hairy bear at the bedside "Xiu Xiu". "It’s a lot more fun to have this cat."

　　Liu Lin said that grandma gained some weight after coming to Chengdu, probably because she was in a good mood, and sometimes she would hum her own tune at night. I haven’t thought about the future in detail, but Liu Lin said that no matter where I am in the future, I should take my grandmother with me.

　　Tongling Social Security Center of Anhui Province actively docked with the municipal medical insurance center, and set up a "joint office" service comprehensive window for matters involving different departments such as insurance registration and social insurance relationship transfer, so as to facilitate the people to handle different matters of social security and medical insurance. The picture shows the citizens consulting about medical insurance and social security in the lobby of Tongling Municipal Service Center.

　　Photo by Pan Wei (People’s Picture)

　　At the end of April this year, Shanghai customized commercial supplementary medical insurance "Huhuibao" jointly underwritten by nine insurance companies was officially launched.

　　Photo by Wang Chu (people’s picture)

　　Hainan Supervision Bureau of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China and Hainan Provincial Medical Security Bureau launched an innovative health insurance product "Huiqiongbao" in Hainan, and participants of basic medical insurance in Hainan Province can apply for insurance online.

　　Wang Qizuo (Xinhua News Agency)

　　No age, no household registration, no occupation, and insufficient annual premium. 200 yuan … … Recently, the "Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance" jointly designed and developed by five insurance companies, namely China People’s Insurance Company, China Life Insurance Company, Taikang Insurance Company, China Pacific Insurance Company and China Ping An Company, has attracted wide attention since its launch. The data shows that in just over ten days from July 26th to August 9th, the number of participants has exceeded one million.

　　Since last year, a number of similar supplementary medical insurance products have been launched all over the country, most of which are cooperated by local government departments and commercial insurance companies, such as "Jin Huibao", "Jin Huibao", "Tian Yi Yong Ning Bao" and "Hui Rong Bao", which focus on universal characteristics and attract many consumers to participate in insurance. What are the characteristics of this kind of "inclusive insurance"? How to develop customized insurance steadily?

　　Low threshold, high upper limit and wide range

　　With the development of economy and society, people’s awareness of health and risk management has been continuously improved.

　　Recently, Wu Yao, who works in Changji, Xinjiang, intends to continue to buy "Jinhui Insurance" for his parents who are far away from their hometown in Shanxi. "I worked in Xinjiang after graduation, almost five or six years. Being far apart, I seldom have a chance to go home for a visit in a year. What worries me most is my parents’ health. With the basic medical insurance and this supplementary insurance, you don’t have to delay the diagnosis and treatment because of the cost. The annual premium in 59 yuan is not high. " Wu Yao said.

　　Whether it’s "Jinhui Insurance" or "Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance", many insured people have the same idea as Wu Yao: they don’t spend much, so they are prepared. Specifically, this kind of insurance also embodies the characteristics of inclusiveness everywhere in its design.

　　— — The threshold for participation is low. "Pratt & Whitney Insurance" breaks through many restrictions of traditional commercial insurance, does not limit age and household registration, does not require previous health status, and the premium standard can be affordable for most people. For example, "Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance" clearly covers five categories of people with specific past diseases, such as malignant tumors, liver and kidney diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and glucose and lipid metabolic diseases, and realizes "insurability and claim settlement" by increasing the deductible and reducing the proportion of compensation, without worrying about being refused insurance.

　　— — The upper limit of protection is high. Compared with the low premium, the maximum compensation limit of "inclusive insurance" is mostly above one million yuan. For example, "Jin Huibao" has an annual premium of 59 yuan, which can provide a maximum of 3 million yuan of supplementary medical insurance for the basic medical insurance insured in Shanxi Province; Tianjin’s "Jin Hui Bao" has an annual premium of 68 yuan, including 1 million yuan for hospitalization expenses and 1 million yuan for certain high drug expenses, with a maximum guarantee of 2 million yuan.

　　— — Wide coverage. For many insured people, once they get sick, whether insurance can cover more effective drugs is related to the quality of insurance products. At present, most universal insurances clearly list the reimbursable drugs in the contract. For example, in the List of Certain High-priced Drugs of Huirongbao in Sichuan, drugs such as Dacotinib Tablets for the treatment of lung cancer, Cindilizumab Injection, Vinaike pull-tab for the treatment of leukemia and Nilotinib Capsules are clearly included in the scope of protection.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of PICC China, "Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance" and other products are customized commercial medical insurance in cities, which are usually guided by the local government, closely linked with the basic medical insurance in various places by adopting the mode of "one city, one policy", and are one-year medical insurance products with Pratt & Whitney nature for all local insured people. At present, the number of insured products of "Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance" has exceeded 1.36 million.

　　"The biggest advantage of this kind of products is that they are cheap, the insurance coverage is high, and the insurance conditions are relaxed, benefiting the elderly and the sick; Its disadvantage is that the vast majority of products are one-year medical insurance, and there is no mandatory agreement to guarantee renewal. It is integrated and complementary with basic social security and traditional commercial insurance. " The person in charge said.

　　The guarantee effect has attracted much attention.

　　Are consumers willing to buy "inclusive insurance"?

　　"I have carefully read the terms of Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance, and I feel more humane than commercial insurance, which is a kind of welfare!" Qi Hang, who is studying in Peking University, said that his parents have taken the initiative to buy the local "Min Hui Bao" in Huai ‘an, Jiangsu Province, and they plan to buy this kind of universal insurance after graduation and social security. "It is necessary to invest in your health in advance while you are young and in good health."

　　However, some people are worried about the claim effect and sustainability of inclusive insurance. Li Xinxin, who is engaged in the art training industry in Chongqing, said that an insurance company had introduced "Yuhuibao" before, but he is still on the sidelines. "This kind of inclusive insurance is a new thing, and it is still uncertain about its protection effect. For example, is the claim settlement procedure troublesome? How to connect with basic medical insurance and other commercial insurance? How can insurance companies maintain their support capabilities for a long time? " Li Xinxin said.

　　It is worth noting that "inclusive insurance" is more popular among office workers. Take Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance as an example. According to the data released before, among the 1 million insured persons, the proportion of urban workers participating in insurance is as high as 78.37%, and the proportion of urban and rural residents participating in insurance is 20.57%. The demand for medical insurance for on-the-job personnel is more vigorous. From the age of participation, "post-70s" and "post-80s" are the main participants, accounting for 42.7%.

　　Zhang Ming, head of Taikang Pension Pratt & Whitney Insurance Department, told the author that up to now, Taikang Pension has carried out urban customized Pratt & Whitney insurance projects in more than 20 cities across the country, providing urban customized Pratt & Whitney insurance for more than 10 million insured persons. In the design of product liability, the high security is instigated by small premiums, and the risk of large medical expenses caused by serious and serious diseases is accurately guaranteed; In terms of risk management and control, whether it is front-end product pricing or back-end claims service, this kind of inclusive insurance needs to be closely connected with local medical insurance. "Compared with traditional commercial insurance, Pratt & Whitney insurance is a product superimposed on basic medical insurance, focusing on ‘ Pratt & Whitney ’ Two words. For example, most commercial medical insurance will require health notification, and some sick people or sub-healthy people may not meet the insurance requirements, while most patients with previous diseases of Pratt & Whitney Insurance can apply for insurance and claim compensation to achieve real popularization; Usually, the premium price of commercial medical insurance increases with age, and most inclusive insurance is the average price of young and old, and the pricing is affordable. " Zhang Ming said that with the promotion of such products, higher requirements have actually been put forward for insurance companies, which need to make more efforts in scientific pricing and refined management.

　　However, "inclusive insurance" is not all-inclusive, and there are still restrictions and thresholds for compensation, which consumers should treat rationally. Yu Baorong, a professor at the Research Center of Health Insurance and Health Economics in university of international business and economics, said that because of the low premium, the fund pool of the whole insurance is relatively limited. For example, the minimum deductible of Beijing Pratt & Whitney Health Insurance is 30,400 yuan, and the money under the deductible is for patients to pay. Therefore, this kind of insurance is more practical for patients with serious illness and high medical expenses.

　　Promote the sustainable development of inclusive insurance

　　It is understood that inclusive insurance was first launched in Shenzhen. In 2015, the Shenzhen Supplementary Medical Insurance Project for Serious and Extraordinary Diseases, which was first promoted by the Shenzhen Municipal Government and underwritten by Ping An Pension Insurance, began to operate, becoming the first city and project in China to pilot customized commercial medical insurance in cities. As of last year, the number of participants has reached 7.8 million, covering more than half of the basic medical insurance participants in Shenzhen, and the number of beneficiaries of claims has exceeded 100,000, which has become an important guarantee to prevent people from becoming poor and returning to poverty due to illness.

　　The relevant person in charge of Pratt & Whitney Insurance of Ping An Pension Insurance Co., Ltd. told the author that the original intention of Pratt & Whitney Insurance was to help the construction of local multi-level medical security system with commercial insurance and reduce the medical expenses of people with severe and special diseases. Compared with traditional commercial insurance and national social insurance, its characteristics are reflected in two aspects: first, according to the local medical insurance policy, it provides customized product protection programs to make up for the medical security gap of local residents; Second, according to the urban population structure and regional characteristics, products suitable for different cities are launched. "For example, Hainan ‘ Hui Qiongbao ’ Innovation ‘ Medical insurance+commercial insurance ’ The mechanism is of positive significance for reducing the burden of medical expenses for Hainan patients, improving the accessibility of medicines for citizens with high quality, and effectively preventing poverty due to illness and returning to poverty due to illness. "

　　However, while the universal insurance is popular, there are also phenomena of scrambling to lower prices and exaggerating publicity. On May 28th this year, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission issued the Notice of the General Office of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China on Regulating the Urban Customized Commercial Medical Insurance Business of Insurance Companies, requiring insurance companies to make a scientific and reasonable protection plan in accordance with the operating rules of commercial insurance and the principle of marketization; Standardize business development, improve management service efficiency and risk control ability. At the same time, the regulatory requirements were clarified, and violations such as vicious competition at low prices and false propaganda were investigated and dealt with, so as to maintain market order and ensure the smooth operation of the business.

　　In Baorong’s view, inclusive insurance is essentially commercial insurance, which is a product different from social insurance. Its sustainability depends on the number of participants, the level of premiums, the size of welfare packages, the scope and degree of benefits. Among them, maintaining the balance between premium income and compensation expenditure is fundamental. "At present, most of China’s inclusive health insurance products have just entered the market. Whether it is the medical insurance department, the regulatory department or the commercial insurance company, they should find their own position, clarify the boundaries and clarify their responsibilities, so that they can truly become an effective part of China’s multi-level medical security system." Yu Baorong said.

Medical Jianghu of original DrX

Recently, I brushed a short video and saw some bloggers eating barbecue videos. Looking at the way bloggers ate with relish in the video, I couldn’t help swallowing.

Maybe many people, like me, are senior barbecue lovers. Although barbecue is delicious, we often hear some negative rumors about barbecue while eating. For example, a certain college student is diagnosed with cancer after eating barbecue continuously. For example, it is often said that barbecue causes cancer and cannot be eaten. …

Although these rumors look scary, they still can’t stop our love for barbecue. However, after carefully studying and consulting relevant literature, we found a truth that pierced our hearts:

The better the barbecue, the more carcinogenic it is!

Since barbecue causes cancer, does that mean you can’t eat it? Of course not! Let’s continue to look down.

Barbecue, why is it so delicious?

I have the most say in this question. Every time I go to have a barbecue, as long as I see the store baking ingredients with electricity, I always feel that the barbecue tastes wrong. Once a merchant bakes it with charcoal, I immediately feel that the barbecue tastes delicious.

I think the barbecue baked with charcoal is a real barbecue. The reason why charcoal barbecue is so attractive is that smoke will adhere to the surface of the ingredients during barbecue, which will bring a lot of volatile flavor compounds to the ingredients, and these substances are the real reason why we don’t want to leave when we smell them.

But if we use electricity to bake food, there will be no charcoal and water in the baking process, and no smoke will be generated. Whether we look at it or smell it, we will feel no appetite.

Barbecue, why does it cause cancer?

The ingredients baked with charcoal are attractive and delicious, but also bring the risk of cancer. And the root cause of cancer is related to two of them.

benzopyrene

The name of benzopyrene has been heard by many people. As a kind of carcinogen, it is clearly proved to have carcinogenic effect on human body. Studies have shown that benzopyrene is related to lung cancer, gastric cancer, skin cancer and digestive tract cancer. At the same time, benzopyrene has terrible teratogenicity and mutagenicity.

Why is there benzopyrene in the barbecue? The reason is very simple, that is, when the meat is grilled at high temperature, the oil in the meat will drip into the fire with the high temperature and produce smoke, which will also produce benzopyrene.

Studies show that the higher the temperature, the more smoke and the closer the food is to the fire source, the more benzopyrene may be attached to the food.

Heterocyclic amine

Heterocyclic amines are also high-risk carcinogens, and their carcinogenicity generally acts on blood vessels, intestines, liver, lymphoid tissues, skin and mouth, covering almost all aspects of the human body.

At the same time, heterocyclic amines have strong mutagenicity, including gene mutation, chromosome aberration, DNA breakage and oncogene activation.

The production of heterocyclic amines is also very simple, that is, the thermal reaction formed at high temperature will also lead to the reaction between amino acids in meat and glucose, and heterocyclic amines are born under this circumstance.

nitrosamine

Nitrosamines are also very common carcinogens. In order to make the barbecue taste better, some merchants will pickle the ingredients before barbecue. Once the curing time is too long, or too much salt is put, nitrosamines may be produced.

In addition to causing cancer, these problems of barbecue also need attention.

Health problem

This problem is more prominent, because in reality, many barbecue shops appear in the form of small stalls, and people often think that roadside stalls have the fireworks of barbecue. I don’t know that the ingredients are placed in the open air and are easily contaminated by microorganisms.

Preservation problem

The barbecue season is generally summer, and the temperature is high in summer, which is easy to breed bacteria. Once the operation of the barbecue shop is not standardized, the ingredients will easily deteriorate or go wrong.

Raw material problem

For a long time, the supervision of various barbecue shops or roadside stalls is actually very limited, which leads to that many of their ingredients, especially beef and mutton, cannot fully meet the hygiene standards. In addition, some "black-hearted" bosses do not hesitate to use "technology and hard work" for the benefit, such as taking duck meat as pork and taking scraps back for private processing.

Can air fryer cause cancer?

Air fryer has been very popular in recent years, but at the same time, there are negative news about cancer. The reason why the air fryer is labeled as carcinogenic is that it will cause some chemical and physical reactions of food when it works, and produce a substance called acrylamide.

Acrylamide was listed as a Class 2A carcinogen by the World Health Organization earlier, because it is generally believed that using air fryers will cause cancer.

It does make sense to look at it, but in fact it can’t stand scrutiny at all. The so-called class 2A carcinogen refers to "there is sufficient evidence to prove that it is carcinogenic to animals, but it is still impossible to prove whether it is carcinogenic to humans".

It is totally unnecessary to say that we feel carcinogenic when we hear acrylamide, and we are afraid. Because the "hot drinks above 65℃" and "staying up late" we often encounter are all Class 2A carcinogens.

What’s more, acrylamide is mainly the product of Maillard reaction between asparagine and reducing sugar, and Maillard reaction may occur in many processes that require high temperature cooking. Even if you use frying pan and frying pan instead of air frying pan, Maillard reaction may occur.

In addition, a study published in Food Science pointed out that compared with frying, the content of acrylamide can be greatly reduced by 90%.

Can baking food in an electric oven cause cancer?

Some people may say, since barbecue with an open flame will cause cancer, will cooking food in an electric oven also cause cancer?

This question is indeed very referential. After all, the popularity of electric ovens is very high now, and it is almost a necessity for every family.

As we said earlier, there are certain prerequisites for the production of carcinogens, and high temperature is one of the very important factors. Different from barbecue with naked fire, the advantage of electric oven is that the food will not directly contact with the heat source, so it will not produce lampblack, and the current electric oven can basically control the temperature and heat evenly, so it will not cause the local temperature of food to be too high.

Therefore, when roasting meat in an electric oven, as long as the temperature is controlled below 180℃ and the time is appropriate, observe and adjust the temperature at any time to avoid the food surface being burnt or burnt, you don’t have to worry too much about the influence of carcinogens.

How to reduce the harm of barbecue?

If you want to relieve your craving and reduce the health hazards of barbecue, you may wish to take a look at the following methods.

① Marinate the ingredients before baking.

What we are talking about here is not salting, but salting meat ingredients with seasonings rich in antioxidants such as garlic juice, lemon juice, rosemary or cinnamon powder. Studies have shown that this can reduce the generation of carcinogens.

② Remember to remove the burnt part.

Some people like to eat the burnt part, which is absolutely unacceptable, because the content of carcinogens in the burnt food is often higher. So when eating barbecue, try to remove the burnt part.

③ Wrap the ingredients before baking.

When barbecuing, you can wrap the ingredients with tin foil or lotus leaves before baking, because this will leave the lost water between the "coat" and the meat, and form a gap full of hot steam, so that the food will have the effect of steaming and baking, and the temperature will not rise so fast, avoiding too much carcinogen smoke from entering the ingredients.

④ Try to use less fat meat.

The fatter the meat, the more fat it means, and the more carcinogens it produces during barbecue. Therefore, try not to choose too fat meat when choosing ingredients.

References:

Li Tongtong. The Secret of Barbecue Flavor: Maillard Reaction [J]. Food and Health, 2018 (4): 2. DOI: 10.3969/j.ISSN.1004-0137.2018.04.042.

Tan Shunzhong, Cheng Yan, Yang Wenwu, et al. Pollution and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in barbecue [J]. Food Industry Science and Technology, 2019,40 (9): 6. DOI: 10.13386/j.ISSN 1002-0306.2019.09.037.

Ke Wei. Concerned about the carcinogenicity of acrylamide [J]. Journal of Bioengineering, 2003, 19(3).

Wang Silu. Revealing the Carcinogenic Truth of Air Fryer [J]. Food and Health, 2020.

Published by People’s Health Publishing House. Safety on the Tip of the Tongue (Volume 4)

Read the original text

Searching for [mini refrigerator], [dormitory refrigerator] and [car refrigerator] on the e-commerce platform is the most common one. Its scientific name is [Semiconductor cooling and heating box] . The principle is very simple. When a special semiconductor is electrified, a temperature difference will occur between its two ends. One end in the refrigerator absorbs heat, and the other end outside the refrigerator emits heat, which will be blown away by a fan, resulting in a refrigeration effect.

The biggest advantage of this small refrigerator is that Cheap and small in size We chose seven 8-L mini-refrigerators on the e-commerce platform, the prices are basically around 100-200, and only delicious and Pepsi ones are more expensive. In addition, we also bought these two small refrigerators with 20L double refrigeration, as a control group, to see how different the small refrigerators are under different specifications.

There are many online complaints about small refrigerators, such as Refrigeration, crotch pulling, loud noise Some people are worried that it is just a sample and lacks practicality. More people are worried that the dormitory power supply or car power supply will not be able to move it. These are the questions to be answered in this program.

Refrigeration test

The first is the most critical refrigeration efficiency. We try our best to find a test environment similar to ordinary university dormitories, with slender apartment, one-sided ventilation, low floors and high floors.

Seven 8L mini-refrigerators to be tested are placed on the ground, and the back end is 20cm away from the corner, leaving enough space for the exhaust port. We use a temperature inspector, put the sensor in the middle of the box and record the temperature every five minutes.

The test starts at 20:00 every day and ends at 16:00 the next day, with a total length of 20 hours. During this period, the power metering socket will record the cumulative power consumption of the small refrigerators.

Test start An hour and a half After that, all refrigerators reached the maximum cooling capacity, and then there was no obvious change. Their refrigeration capacity is divided into four grades:

First gear Delicious and beautiful The temperature in the refrigerator is 17.5℃ lower than the room temperature; The temperature difference between the inside and outside of Oaks is 1℃ less than them, which belongs to the second gear; The third gear is Pepsi, with a refrigeration capacity of about 14℃; Xinfei, SAST, OGE The refrigeration effect is relatively average, which is more than 11℃ and does not exceed 12℃, ranking fourth.

But this is only the case of empty box test. If they are really used to freeze drinks, will there be any difference in refrigeration performance?

So next, we will fill most of the space of these refrigerators with drinks: this small refrigerator with 8L capacity is basically equipped with One bottle plus four cans of drinks is almost full. This load may be smaller than many friends expected.

In this round of test, we have arranged four temperature sensors in each refrigerator, two of which record the air temperature in the box, and the other two probes respectively extend into two cans close to the inner wall of the refrigerator to record the temperature of the liquid. The test still starts at 20:00 every day and ends at 16:00 the next day, with a total length of 20 hours.

The result is really different from the empty box test.

No matter the temperature in the box or the temperature of the liquid, there is no longer an empty box to test it for an hour and a half and then keep it stable. The cooling speed of the refrigerator has slowed down. And you can always see the downward trend of the temperature curve, although after 14 hours, this trend basically becomes very weak.

There have also been some changes in the ranking of refrigeration capacity of refrigerators.

Let’s look at the temperature in the box first. Oaks’ performance has improved, and it has become the same as delicious and Meiling. Xinfei also caught up with Pepsi, ranking second; By the end of the test, the remaining preclinical and OGE were only about 9℃ lower than the room temperature.

However, the result of liquid temperature is not the same as the air temperature in the box. Delicious, Meiling, Aux Still in the first gear, the performance is closer; The biggest difference is in the second gear, cooling drinks, catching up with Pepsi is Xianke, which is about 1℃ worse than Pepsi; The temperature in the box is ranked second. Xinfei Frozen drinks are the worst, worse than OGE.

Apart from Xinfei and Xianke, the temperature in the other five refrigerators and the temperature of drinks basically change synchronously, but the cooling rate of liquid is faster than that of air, and the final temperature is lower than that of air.

In fact, the temperature measured in all refrigerators is higher than that of empty boxes, and the temperature of drinks is lower than that of empty boxes, and the delicious coke is even lower than 0℃.

However, considering that this round of testing took three days to complete, the room temperature varies by about 1℃ every day. Perhaps due to the influence of room temperature, the cokes of Meiling and Oaks failed to freeze below 0℃? So we made another round of additional tests for the top three to see if they can still freeze out at the current room temperature of 25℃!

As a result, because the room temperature has increased, none of them can freeze the coke below 0℃ this time. However, the three refrigerators are also divided into high and low: Coca-Cola still has the cooling ability of 21.5℃, freezing the liquid temperature of Coke to 3℃; The cooling ability of Meiling and Oaks was obviously affected by the higher room temperature, and their coke liquid temperature stayed at about 6℃.

The above is the refrigeration situation of the 8L small refrigerator. What about the 20L one?

Just say these two models we bought, and the results are a bit confusing: Delicious 20L refrigeration is worse than 8L refrigeration. Pepsi’s 20L has gradually surpassed its own 8L. However, just when we were expecting it to be more than 20L delicious, the monitoring temperature suddenly bounced back. After the retest, it was confirmed that Pepsi was broken!

Power consumption test

Can the power supply in student dormitory support the work of small refrigerator? The e-commerce page is clearly written: The cooling power is about 40W. , the dormitory is available. Note that the 40W here is only when the refrigerator is empty. What will happen if the refrigerator is full?

At the same time of refrigeration test, we also used the power metering socket to test the real-time power of the small refrigerator filled with drinks and the accumulated power consumption after 20 hours of operation.

The test results show that when it is full, The refrigeration power of 8L small refrigerator is generally 50~55W. Continuous operation for 20 hours consumes about 1.1 kwh of electricity. There is no problem in using it in the dormitory. .

Among them, the small refrigerator with the best energy consumption control is Xianke, and the refrigeration power is basically less than half of other products; The second place to save electricity is the delicious 8L refrigerator with excellent refrigeration effect. However, the power consumption of the same 20L refrigerator is "outstanding"; Even more outrageous is Pepsi, whose 8L refrigerator is not efficient, but its 20L refrigerator is surprisingly energy-saving, which is lower than most 8L refrigerators, including Pepsi’s own.

Noise test

Compared with the power consumption of small refrigerators, people may be more concerned about noise.

In a room with a stable noise floor of 48~50 decibels, we tested the noise at the rear fan of each refrigerator, read the data for 20 seconds and recorded the average value.

Test results: the noise champions in the selection are 8L delicious and Oaks. Meiling, a little better. The quietest ones are Xinfei and Xianke. 8L Pepsi ranked third.

Purchase suggestion

After some tossing, we summed up three indicators to evaluate the performance and experience of small refrigerators: Refrigeration effect, power consumption and noise . And give purchase suggestions.

However, for a product like a small refrigerator, which one should you buy Depends on your usage scenario. ：

For the student party who wants to freeze drinks in the dormitory, Meiling is cost-effective, moderately priced, with strong refrigeration performance and good face value, but it is a little noisy. If you or your roommate is sensitive to noise, you have to settle for the second best, and choose Baccalaureate or Pepsi.

The new middle-class car-mounted refrigerator is recommended, with fashionable appearance and eternal refrigeration performance. If there is enough storage space, it can be upgraded to 20L, with limited performance loss, but it can hold many other foods besides drinks, so it is a good companion for camping.

As for OGE, which is the least recommended, it is really an all-round and balanced player. Not only is the refrigeration performance the worst, but the noise is also big. The key point is that the price is not much cheaper.

That’s all the content of this program. With a hard-core attitude, we will make a material evaluation. Here is the evaluation of Huang’s family, and a group of professional, interesting and serious friends are waiting for you.

Do you still remember the amazing mobile version of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in China Pavilion of Shanghai World Expo? You may not think that the producer of this work, Shanghai Crystal Stone Digital Technology Co., Ltd., chose to move from an independent building to a cultural and creative park with more than 50 enterprises three years ago, that is, the 800 Show Creative Park at 800 Changde Road, Shanghai.

The upstairs neighbor of Crystal Stone is Mahua FunAge, a well-known comedy production company; Not far from the downstairs, it is a well-known lighting design company. "We often go to the door, because they are all in the field of cultural creation, there will be many similar ideas and ideas, and there will be many opportunities for cooperation." Liu Lu, the person in charge of Crystal Stone, said that this park, which gathers creative, fashion, design and other industries, not only has a vibrant atmosphere, but also has built an ecological industrial chain for enterprises to connect upstream and downstream.

Why can a small-scale Wenchuang Park with high rent attract many well-known enterprises such as Crystal Stone and Mahua FunAge to gather? In addition to convenient transportation, the open and transparent space in the park, the gathering of enterprises in the cultural and creative fields, the constant collision of ideas in the interaction between enterprises, and the business opportunities brought by building a platform in the park may all be the answers.

800 xiu creative park

Positioning fashion design and cultural creativity, and strictly controlling the entry into enterprises.

It’s less than 5 minutes’ walk from changping road station of Shanghai Metro Line 7 to 800 Show Creative Park. Walking in the park, there are buildings transformed from factory buildings, each with its own characteristics and full of the unique fashion and vitality of cultural and creative industries.

According to Zhao Yi, the person in charge of the park, the creative park covers an area of more than 20 mu, formerly known as Shanghai People’s Motor Factory, and records the revitalization history of national industries in the 1930s and 1940s. In 2008, the transformation of the factory building began; In November 2009, the park officially opened. Today, the whole park has a building area of 30,000 square meters, which is divided into three functional areas: creative office, main show and leisure facilities.

Among them, the well-known main show, formerly known as the Soviet-style workshop in the 1940s, is about 115 meters long. After the renovation, it has become a fashion gathering place, and children’s wear and college works will be released here every two seasons of Shanghai Fashion Week. Today, the number of fashion shows in this show alone has increased from the initial 20 to more than 100.

As a creative industrial park, the largest proportion is naturally the corporate office area. According to Zhao Yi, the creative office area in the park covers an area of 24,000 square meters, and about 50 enterprises have settled in, many of which are well-known enterprises in the industry.

"Our park is built around the words’ fashion design, cultural creativity’." Zhao Yi told reporters that as a cultural and creative park, the 800 show has strict control over the enterprises that have settled in. At present, most enterprises mainly focus on design and fashion culture. However, in the process of development, the park is constantly adjusting, from the initial game design and industrial design to architectural design, fashion design and film and television culture.

Creative enterprises gather to open up the upstream and downstream industries.

Due to its superior geographical location, it is only 1.2 kilometers away from Jing ‘an Temple, and the rent for 800 shows is expensive. The average rent of office space here is around 7 yuan/day/square meter. In other words, for an enterprise with an area of 100 square meters, the average monthly rent is 21,000 yuan.

The rent is high, why can it attract so many well-known enterprises in the industry to settle in first?

"The positioning of this park is an industrial park gathering place for creativity, fashion and design. For our cultural and creative enterprises, the overall environment and atmosphere are particularly good, and we have also opened up our upstream and downstream partners." Liu Lu, the person in charge of Shanghai Crystal Digital Technology Co., Ltd. said that there are many architectural design and lighting design companies in the park, and there will be some common customers. We often visit each other, recommend customers in need and cooperate indirectly.

In fact, before moving here in 2016, the company spent 10 years in an independent office building on Kaixuan Road. But Liu Lu thinks that the surrounding atmosphere is not as good as this park, so after the lease expires, the company relocated and moved here. "This is the right choice." Liu Lu said that the transportation here is convenient, the space is open, and the customers and employees feel very good.

In Liu Lu’s view, for creative industries, if the people engaged in this work are energetic, it will have a direct impact on the output. If people are in a very depressed state, it will be difficult to have a good output. Therefore, creative industries are not suitable for relatively closed office buildings and office buildings, while the environment of the park has a positive impact on enterprises.

"After Mahua FunAge moved here, we talked quite well. Because everyone is in the field of cultural creation, there will be some common ideas and ideas. " Liu Lu said that there is also a design company in the field of lighting. They will often carry out some common customer activities, and they will also visit each other to recommend customers in need. "We can achieve positive interaction in the big atmosphere of the whole park."

Build a platform to provide resources and business opportunities for enterprises.

Go up the stairs outside the Crystal Stone Gate, and after an additional floor, you will arrive at Mahua FunAge’s office. This film and television company, which is famous for its adult comedies and parent-child dramas, has produced goodbye mr. loser and other works, and has gained great popularity. At the beginning of 2018, the company moved to the 800 show.

In the face of the active invitation of so many parks, why did you finally choose here?

"Although the rent is more expensive, after we moved here, we still feel quite good, and we are very proud to work in the 800 show. Because in addition to good geographical location and convenient transportation, there are many resources and opportunities here. " Wang Haigang, the head of Mahua FunAge, has the same feelings as Liu Lu.

In Wang Haigang’s view, creativity comes out through the collision of ideas in communication. This is a park where creative industries gather. With its open space, enterprises move frequently, and creativity and inspiration come to generate after repeated visits and tea chats.

Wang Haigang was also amazed by the service consciousness of the park management. "They are not simple services, but can deeply understand the needs of cultural and creative enterprises. This kind of demand can be understood and is very important for enterprises. " Wang Haigang said that when he first moved to the park, the company needed a rehearsal hall, and the park management even gave up his 400-square-meter management office and gave it to them as a rehearsal hall, which made him very moved.

In addition, the management of the park often holds some forums and activities to provide enterprises with more opportunities for docking and cooperation. Not long ago, the company docked with Zhejiang Creative Industry Association through a cooperation and exchange activity held in the park, and was able to communicate with many Zhejiang enterprises in the park to seek business opportunities.

"For us, these opportunities may not produce benefits and results immediately. However, if we go to Hangzhou and communicate with so many companies, it will take a lot of energy. With the establishment of this platform in the park, we have saved a lot of effort. We can do some exchanges to see what cooperation opportunities there are and whether we can jointly develop some projects. " Wang Haigang said.

In addition to serving enterprises well, 800 Show is constantly thinking about the transformation and innovation of the park itself. "We are no longer a simple property management party in the park, but are constantly exploring and manufacturing content and cultural IP, such as holding drama festivals and community activities." Zhao Yi said that in the next step, the park will continue to explore transformation and innovation and seek new breakthroughs and highlights.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:New silicon NewGeek (ID：XinguiNewgeek), Author: Dong Daoli, editor: Zhang Zeyi, title map from: vision china.

Two days ago, Reuters sent a piece of news, saying that in the first half of this year, the United States imported about 1 million tons of waste cooking oil, which is commonly known as gutter oil, of which imports from China accounted for 58%, and this figure was in 2022-0.1%。

Waste cooking oil, which is notorious on the Chinese Internet, is now snapped up by Americans, and the European Union and Japan are also importing a lot from China …

More than that, the point is that we don’t want to give it yet.

According to the analysis of a Singaporean oil trader, due to the sharp increase in the demand for food waste oil in China,In about five years, China will run out of food waste oil.

In fact, countries are scrambling for waste oil for the same reason.Is to make "sustainable aviation fuel"（SAF）.

The current global background is "low-carbon economy", and various countries are carrying out energy reforms, such as electrification of automobiles and laying new photovoltaic energy sources, which are all products under this background.

Among them, how to reduce carbon emissions in the aviation industry, which is a big carbon emitter, is a big problem in front of all countries. It is not feasible to fly less economically and electricize technology, but in 2021, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) will（IATA）Just let the word out,Speaking of achieving zero net carbon emissions by 2050.

At this time, scientists have developed a sustainable aviation fuel to solve the problem of carbon emissions from the source.

From the current technology, the raw materials of sustainable aviation fuel mainly include coconut oil, palm oil, linseed oil and other vegetable oils, as well as microalgae oil and catering waste oil.(gutter oil)Animal fat, etc.

It seems that there are many choices of raw materials, but in fact there are not many. Coconut oil, olive oil and linseed oil are too late for people to use, and it always seems that they don’t eat minced meat when they are burned for airplanes. Among them, waste cooking oil, the so-called waste cooking oil, has become the most suitable raw material.

Conversion of waste oil into bio-aviation combustion(a kind of SAF),Carbon emissions can be reduced by more than half compared with traditional fuels.

Take China’s aviation industry as an example. At present, China consumes more than 30 million tons of aviation fuel every year. If these are replaced by bio-aviation coal, it can reduce about 55 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions a year, which is equivalent to-Plant 500 million trees.

Waste cooking oil originally needed to be treated with money. Now turning waste into treasure can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also reduce dependence on traditional energy. Countries have invested a lot of money and technology research and development to develop waste cooking oil resources.

The department in charge of carbon emissions is really fragrant.

Then the question is, where is the most gutter oil in the world? Nature is China with a large population and a long history of food culture.

According to Transport&Environment.（T&E）, a non-governmental organization dedicated to promoting clean transportation, China has collected 3.38 million tons of waste oil in 2023, more than the United States and the European Union.(including Britain)It adds up to more. Besides,The collection potential of surplus waste oil in China is also very considerable.

The sudden surge in the amount of China waste oil imported by the United States has something to do with the European Union.

Originally, the EU was the largest buyer of waste oil in China.However, this year, the EU announced that it would start to impose a temporary anti-dumping duty of 12.8% to 36.4% on China biodiesel.More than 40 companies, including major producers Zhejiang Jiaao, Lijing Environment Group and Longyan Zhuo Yue, were hit.

The effect is immediate. According to China Customs data, in the first half of this year, the export of waste oil to the EU decreased by 51% year-on-year.

Whether the United States began to import a large number of China waste oil, or the European Union repeatedly jumped to suppress China waste oil, there is an unchangeable fact:The demand for waste oil in various countries far exceeds the supply.

As can be seen from the data compiled by T&E, the United States and the European Union(including Britain)The gap in waste oil is very large.

The distribution of resources in different places is unbalanced, and it is very common to exchange with each other. If China can exchange waste oil for some high-tech in Europe and America, Si Zijun will also consider eating more butter hotpot.

howeverThe real importance of gutter oil lies in the "carbon emission right" it represents later.

Carbon emission right refers to the right to be allowed to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere within a specific range. At present, human economic activities are inseparable from carbon emissions. Simply put, the more carbon emission quotas, the greater the possibility of national development.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in Kyoto, Japan in December, 1997, put forward the market mechanism as a new way to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emission reduction represented by carbon dioxide for the first time, that is, carbon emission rights were regarded as a commodity, thus forming the trading of carbon emission rights.

The carbon emissions reduced by cooking oil here can be used in other places for development and even sold to other countries.

Since gutter oil is so precious, the voice of restricting the export of gutter oil has gradually appeared. On June 14th this year, Yu Feng, president of Honeywell China, said: China should restrict the export of "gutter oil".

Then in June this year, China Commercial Aircraft Corporation’s ARJ21 regional jet and C919 large passenger plane successfully completed the first test flight of domestic commercial aircraft with self-developed bio-jet fuel.It means that China also needs waste oil to make aviation fuel.

Therefore, don’t worry too much about roadside stalls eating gutter oil, and countries are not enough to grab imports.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:New silicon NewGeek (ID：XinguiNewgeek), Author: Dong Daoli, Editor: Zhang Zeyi

　　The day before yesterday morning, two policemen from the police station outside the Beijing West Railway Station Public Security Bureau rushed to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, and handed 1000 yuan cash to college student Xiao Zhang and his two classmates. On the evening of August 22nd, when these three college students were preparing to go back to school after visiting Beijing, they were in a hurry to catch the train, so they got on a black motorcycle and were asked for 1000 yuan by their owners. After receiving the report from the parents of the students, the management Committee of the West Railway Station acted quickly and recovered the losses for the three college students.

　　Xiao Zhang is a student in a university in Inner Mongolia. He is a junior after school. During the summer vacation, he and two classmates came to Beijing to travel and bought tickets for returning to Hohhot from Beijing West Railway Station at 10 pm on August 22nd. Being unfamiliar with the road, the three men took the wrong subway and failed to catch the train. After hastily changing the ticket, the three talents found that the bus they were going to take did not leave at Beijing West Railway Station, but at Beijing Railway Station. At this time, there is only one hour left before the departure, and Xiao Zhang is in a hurry.

　　Where can I take a taxi? Suddenly, they heard someone shouting from the roadside: "Beijing Station, 15 yuan." Without thinking, the three men made a deal with the shouting man. But at the sight of the man’s car, their hearts were half cold. It turned out that this was a two-wheeled motorcycle, but it was too urgent to think too much about it. The three men got on the car of the man and his companions, and the three motorcycles galloped away to Beijing Station. At this point, it is already 10: 40 in the evening.

　　Halfway there, three motorcycles stopped suddenly, and the man began to talk about the price with Xiao Zhang and them, asking everyone to 350 yuan instead of 15 yuan. "They said that because they ran a red light and went retrograde, they had to add money." Xiao Zhang and others understand that they have been "slaughtered". Time was pressing, so they had to agree to the man’s request. "We don’t have that much money, let them cheaper, a person in 300 yuan. Unexpectedly, after giving it to 900 yuan, one of the men asked us for 100 yuan. "

　　After returning to Hohhot the next morning, I called the police through my parents. On August 24th, after receiving the report, the Urban Management Branch of Beijing West Railway Station quickly started to investigate. Because three college students have returned to school and are unfamiliar with the environment of the West Railway Station, it is impossible to accurately describe the location of the incident. So, the staff added their WeChat, and finally determined the boarding place of the three people through photo comparison.

　　On August 26th, all three men driving motorcycles were found. The Urban Management Branch of Beijing West Railway Station made an administrative penalty decision to confiscate three motorcycles involved in the case, and three motorcycle drivers were also detained by the public security organs.

　　The day before yesterday morning, two policemen from the police station outside Beijing West Railway Station Public Security Bureau came to Hohhot and handed 1000 yuan’s cash to three college students. Xiao Zhang told reporters: "What a surprise!" Ms. Yang, the parents of the students, also expressed her gratitude to the Beijing police and the Beijing West Railway Station Regional Management Committee. She said that she didn’t expect to recover the loss at the beginning of her call. "People also made a special trip for this matter, thank you very much."

　　The reporter learned that it is usually around 35 yuan to take a taxi from Beijing West Railway Station to Beijing Railway Station. The place where Xiao Zhang and others get on the bus is less than 20 meters away from the nearest taxi dispatching station. The Urban Management Branch of Beijing West Railway Station reminds the passengers that the mobility of personnel in the station area is large and the composition of personnel is complex. Don’t neglect the potential risks because of being in a hurry and being greedy for cheap, resulting in property losses and even personal safety injuries. When traveling, you must choose regular means of transportation.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the Beijing West Railway Station Management Committee, it is the peak period for freshmen to register for admission. Various functional departments in the West Railway Station have strengthened the regulation and guidance of the order of picking up freshmen, and at the same time, more than 260 volunteers have been arranged in the West Railway Station area to provide services around the clock. If passengers encounter difficulties, they can ask the nearest staff or volunteers for help, or call 63345110 to make a complaint.

　　Our reporter Wang Qipeng

　　Did you look for a bathroom in the subway?

　　But I don’t know

　　Which station has bathroom experience?

　　recent days

　　There is one more in Guangzhou subway station and train.

　　"Scan code to get toilet information" logo

　　This sign is generally located on the platform of the station, the station hall (near the entrance gate), the transfer passage and the train door. After scanning the code, you can quickly find the information of public toilets in the stations of the network and in the nearby area, so that passengers can travel in case of emergency.

　　Long press to identify the small code below.

　　↓ Access to public toilet information ↓

　　In order to facilitate passengers to know the distribution of public toilets in subway stations and within 200 meters of stations in time, Guangzhou Metro has conducted information survey and statistics on stations in the network, sorted out clear "toilet guide", made it into a scanning code sign, and recently completed the addition, covering the station halls, platforms and train carriages of each station.

　　After scanning the code, I can see that the interface of "Station Toilet" shows the station information of 20 lines of Guangzhou Metro Network, Haizhu Rail Line, Foshan Metro Line 2 and Line 3 and Nanhai Tram Line 1. Click on the corresponding line to see the tips about the public toilet in the station or near the station.

　　In order to let passengers quickly find the nearest public toilet during the subway ride, Guangzhou Metro has also had various online and offline channels to inquire about relevant information, including:

　　The guide light box of the station, the poster on the wall of the entrance and exit passage or the electronic guide screen, and the booklet "Information of Bathroom and Maternal and Child Room in Guangzhou Metro"

　　And Guangzhou Metro official APP, official micro-signal, and Guangzhou Metro boarding code WeChat applet can all realize self-inquiry.

　　This new logo is also refined and supplemented on this basis, and the toilet information of different stations on different lines can be gathered more clearly, and the code can be clearly scanned.

　　At present, there is no self-built toilet in the whole network.

　　And within 200 meters of the entrance and exit

　　There are only 9 sites without public toilets.

　　It has basically realized that the whole network can reach the toilet within 10 minutes.

　　The "toilet guide" will also be updated dynamically from time to time.

　　Citizens and passengers who find that the guidelines are inconsistent with the actual situation can give feedback through the service hotline 96891. If you need help on the subway, you can also contact the station staff or call the hotline for help.

　　Comprehensive: released by Guangzhou Metro and Guangzhou Tianhe

　　Mycoplasma pneumoniae

　　In autumn and winter, respiratory diseases are high, and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is even more threatening, and the number of infected people is increasing. How should parents deal with it? The child has a cold and a fever. Do you want to go to the hospital? Cough hasn’t been cured. Do you want to take medicine? Is infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae equal to pneumonia? Don’t worry! Professor Tian Man, Director of Respiratory Department of Nanjing Children’s Hospital, was specially invited to the live broadcast room to talk with you about the prevention and treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae!

　　Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection ≠ Mycoplasma pneumonia!

　　Mycoplasma is a microorganism between bacteria and viruses, and it is also the smallest microorganism known to exist independently in the world at present. There are many kinds of mycoplasma, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae is only one of them. Because the name of Mycoplasma pneumoniae contains the word pneumonia, many people think that infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae means pneumonia, but it is not! Infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae does not necessarily mean that it will develop into pneumonia. Most of them are respiratory infections. Only when mycoplasma pneumoniae invades the lower respiratory tract of human body can it lead to pneumonia.

　　Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be transmitted by droplets and direct contact, with an incubation period of 1-3 weeks, and it is contagious from the incubation period to several weeks when symptoms are relieved. Healthy people may cause infection after inhaling nasal and oral secretions ejected by patients when coughing or sneezing. The main symptoms of infection are fever and cough, and may be accompanied by headache, runny nose and sore throat. Generally speaking, people of all ages are likely to be infected by mycoplasma pneumoniae, but preschool children and school-age children are more likely to be infected, and there are more severe patients, such as persistent high fever, intermittent aggravation of lung imaging, and even a series of complications.

　　How to judge whether you are infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae?

　　The symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection are similar to those of respiratory tract infection caused by other viruses or bacteria, such as fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, etc., so it is difficult to clearly judge whether it is mycoplasma pneumoniae infection from the clinical symptoms. At present, the recommended diagnostic method is pathogen detection, mainly including nucleic acid detection, antigen detection and antibody detection.

　　01

　　Detection of nucleic acid or multiple pathogens: Many people think of Covid-19 as soon as they hear the detection of nucleic acid. Why should we carry out nucleic acid detection for mycoplasma detection? In fact, nucleic acid detection is just a method, and a nucleic acid package can be used to check a variety of pathogens, including mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic acid detection has high sensitivity and specificity, and can give accurate results soon, so it is a recommended detection method for mycoplasma at present.

　　02

　　Detection of mycoplasma antigen in throat swab: We should be familiar with the antigen detection, and the operation is relatively convenient. You don’t need to draw blood, just check the throat swab, and the antigen can be found at the beginning of the disease. If it is positive, it is considered as infection or carrying, which is simple and convenient.

　　03

　　Blood test for mycoplasma antibody: Blood test for antibodies is of little significance in the early stage of the disease, because it takes time to produce antibodies after being infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae, and it usually takes 7 days to get sick.
It will only appear in a few days. When you get sick, check the antibody, which may show negative, but it cannot be ruled out that it is mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. At the same time, even if the antibody is found to be positive, it does not mean that the patient is infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae this time, because after the antibody is produced, it will last for several months to one year, and the antibody found this time is probably the antibody left after the previous infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

　　So what kind of antibody results are clinically meaningful? That is, the antibody was negative when I was just sick, and I was sick for a week or 4 ~ 5.
Days later, the reexamination was positive, which suggested that it was infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae this time.

　　Can routine blood tests determine whether you are infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae? The answer is no. The biggest function of blood routine examination is to judge whether the patient belongs to bacterial infection. If it is bacterial infection, the early blood routine examination will prompt the increase of white blood cells and neutrophils, which is the most important function of blood routine examination in clinical application. However, virus infection, mycoplasma infection or other pathogen infection can not be clearly distinguished only according to the blood routine report.

　　What situation needs to go to the hospital immediately?

　　With the prevalence of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Director Tian Man said that 70% of the children in the outpatient clinic are still infected by virus, and the respiratory diseases caused by virus infection are self-limited diseases, so parents need not be too anxious. If the child has a fever, cough and runny nose, but his mental state is not bad, he can observe it at home for 2-3 days first.

　　However, if the fever does not go down for more than three days, or if the child suffers from listlessness and loss of appetite, especially after taking antipyretics, or if he suffers from shortness of breath, inspiratory depression, nasal wing agitation, cyanosis, and blood oxygen saturation below 95%, it is recommended to see a doctor immediately.

　　How to treat mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

　　Mycoplasma pneumoniae has a special structure and no cell wall, so the familiar antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin, which target the cell wall, are completely ineffective against it. At present, the first choice for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae is macrolide antibiotics, such as roxithromycin and azithromycin. If it doesn’t get better after three days of medication, it may be that Mycoplasma pneumoniae has developed drug resistance, and it is recommended to change the dressing under the guidance of a doctor.

　　Does the child "cough cough cough" need medication?

　　Infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae usually causes a severe cough. Because mycoplasma pneumoniae can damage the mucous membrane of our airway and the cilia on the airway, the secretion can’t be discharged smoothly. At this time, the patient will help the secretion to be discharged through coughing, so it will cause a severe cough. Cough may last for a long time, generally not more than 2 months, and the symptoms of cough will improve after the mucosa and cilia of the airway are restored.

　　Many parents want to give their children some cough medicine as soon as they hear their children "cough cough cough", for fear that they will cough into pneumonia if they cough for a long time. In fact, cough is a self-protection mechanism of the body, through which secretions can be excreted without causing pneumonia. On the contrary, many children with severe pneumonia don’t cough much, which eventually leads to sputum accumulation in the trachea and lungs, aggravating the condition.

　　If the child’s cough is too severe, which affects the rest of life, then cough medicine can be used under the guidance of a doctor. At present, children’s antitussive drugs are mainly divided into two categories. One category contains antitussive ingredients, and the ingredient is pholcodine or dextromethorphan, which can achieve the purpose of antitussive by directly inhibiting the activity of the cough center. It belongs to central antitussive drugs, and this drug can only be used for children over 6 years old. The other kind belongs to expectorant drugs, which act on sputum and make it dilute and then excrete it through coughing.

　　How to prevent mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

　　Unfortunately, there is no vaccine to prevent mycoplasma pneumoniae infection at present, but as a respiratory disease, there are still many feasible measures to avoid infection as much as possible.

　　1. Wear a mask when going out and try to avoid going to places where people gather.

　　2. Pay attention to hand hygiene, wash your hands with running water after returning home, and take off your coat and put on your home clothes.

　　3, pay attention to indoor ventilation, ventilation for not less than 30 minutes at a time.

　　4, reasonable diet, moderate exercise, to ensure adequate sleep, improve their immunity.